![]() ![]() stable prices, including prevention of either inflation or deflation.To manage the nation's money supply through monetary policy to achieve the sometimes-conflicting goals of.To protect the credit rights of consumers.To supervise and regulate banking institutions.To strike a balance between private interests of banks and the centralized responsibility of government.To serve as the central bank for the United States.To address the problem of banking panics. ![]() Ĭurrent functions of the Federal Reserve System include: Today the Federal Reserve System has responsibilities in addition to stabilizing the financial system. A particularly severe crisis in 1907 led Congress to enact the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. Before the founding of the Federal Reserve System, the United States underwent several financial crises. Other purposes are stated in the Federal Reserve Act, such as "to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States, and for other purposes". The primary declared motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics. government, the Federal Reserve System considers itself "an independent central bank because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the president or by anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government, it does not receive funding appropriated by Congress, and the terms of the members of the board of governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms." Purpose Treasury, and 2020 earnings were approximately $88.6 billion with remittances to the U.S. In 2015, the Federal Reserve earned a net income of $100.2 billion and transferred $97.7 billion to the U.S. The federal government sets the salaries of the board's seven governors, and it receives all the system's annual profits, after dividends on member banks' capital investments are paid, and an account surplus is maintained. It has a structure unique among central banks, and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury, an entity outside of the central bank, prints the currency used. There are also various advisory councils. It consists of all seven members of the board of governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, though only five bank presidents vote at a time-the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one-year voting terms. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets monetary policy. ![]() Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in, and can elect some board members of, the Federal Reserve Bank of their region. Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, located in cities throughout the nation, regulate and oversee privately-owned commercial banks. It is governed by the presidentially-appointed board of governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB). The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers. The Fed also conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications, such as the Beige Book and the FRED database. government, and foreign official institutions. Its duties have expanded over the years, and currently also include supervising and regulating banks, maintaining the stability of the financial system, and providing financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate. Ĭongress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act: maximizing employment, stabilizing prices, and moderating long-term interest rates. Over the years, events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics (particularly the panic of 1907) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises. The Federal Reserve System (often shortened to the Federal Reserve, or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. ![]()
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